Stars form due to the gravitational collapse of dense molecular clouds. The process of star formation is still not completely understood, but it is believed that a crucial parameter that regulates star formation is the ionization level in the dense cores of molecular clouds. This is because the ionization level is determining the coupling between the gas and the magneticl field, which is in turn affecting the dynamics of the collapse through magnetic pressure support.

The origin of PeV cosmic rays is a crucial issue in cosmic ray physics. The chemical composition of cosmic rays is dominated by protons below a particle energy of ~1 PeV, while heavier nuclei become important above it. This, together with the evidence that the transition between galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays takes place at particle energies largely exceeding the PeV, implies that the sources of galactic cosmic rays must be proton PeVatrons  

L'expérience H.E.S.S.-2 (High Energy Stereoscopic System) [1] est un réseau de télescopes Tcherenkov  mesurant des rayons gamma dans le domaine des très hautes énergies (au-delà de ~30GeV). Cet observatoire est un des instruments au sol les plus performants au monde : grâce à son grand champ de vue, sa bonne résolution angulaire et sa grande sensibilité il permet de détecter et d'étudier l'émission gamma de sources galactiques aux plus hautes énergies.

The center of our Galaxy hosts a Super-Massive Black Hole (SMBH). Since it has been argued that the SMBH can accelerate particles up to very high energies, its current and past activity must contribute to the population of Galactic cosmic-rays (CRs), the energetic particles that pervade the Galaxy. Ten years ago the HESS experiment has reported a bright TeV point-like source at a position compatible with that of the SMBH. After subtraction of this point source, a diffuse emission stretching over few degrees along the Galactic longitude was revealed.